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Every researcher with such direct knowledge feels frustration and a sense of isolation anxiety symptoms throat closing purchase fluvoxamine 100 mg fast delivery. McIntosh anxiety symptoms skipped heart beats purchase genuine fluvoxamine on line, "The African Past Endangered" (1996) 173 Reading 21 Angela Maria Ferroni the Vulnerability of the Archaeological Sites: Final Report anxiety yahoo discount fluvoxamine 50 mg fast delivery, P anxiety 13 year old generic fluvoxamine 100mg visa. Project (2002) the archaeological resource may be subject to both natural and human threats. The extract from the result ing report offers a succinct consideration of risk management and analysis of natural factors that may threaten archaeological resources. Euro-Mediterranean network are the activities of: in-depth study, exchange of experiences, transfer of know-how, with regard to specific and significant themes of overall planning in archaeological sites, starting from experiences carried out in some of the countries involved in the Project. It did this by starting from the notion of vulnerability as carried out by the disciplines developed in the sphere of Earth Sciences and taken up by the sciences applied to conservation. This conceptual route led to the notion of the vulnerability of archaeological sites and to the definition of common types of dangerousness and vulnerability factors that would be practical for implementing methods for monitoring and controlling the state of conservation and decay of archaeological heritage. Without this information, it is not possible to define a suitable and consistent maintenance plan, or to define the standards of conservation and safety to be adopted. In an integrated management plan of archaeological sites there must be a valid compromise solution between the dangerousness of the territorial context, the intrinsic vulnerability of the asset and its possible use. Recent analyses by specialists in the culture economy have demonstrated the irreplaceable role of the cultural resources of the territory for the construction of a sustainable model, but also one that is effective as regards economic results. According to these analyses, the cultural, archaeological and, in particular, environmental heritage, densely distributed over the countries of the Mediterranean, is a resource that is able to assure identity, both under the profile of social cohesion, and as regards the field of production of goods and services: a planned increase of the support services for the cultural enjoyment at territorial level is, in fact, considered the most qualified area of expansion, even at employment level. Particular attention was paid to the archaeological sites which, even if considered with increasing interest as resources by local communities and by international tourist operators, were not however ever analysed as the object of preservative investments rather than that of an increase of accessibility and of use; the ever more visible, and ever less controlled contrast between economic exploitation and protection of the cultural values and of the historical configuration of the places, the urgency to find a new equilibrium between preservation and use, are all themes of reflection common to the great ancient centres of the classical world, especially those that face onto the Mediterranean. Up to now there was no overall view of the resources and means to be put out into the field of economic activities linked to the archaeological heritage. Similarly, there was no detailed and exhaustive analysis of the territorial resources, seen precisely, as in the line chosen by the P. This analysis has to have as its starting point the knowledge of the situation, of the physical-functional conditions of the asset being referred to . The risks of damaging and of irreversible "consumption" of an asset that cannot be reproduced are obvious, and it is here that the analysis of vulnerability intervenes. As a 176 Reading 21 ferroni result, a basic component of the conservation of the cultural heritage, understood as a group of interventions aimed at assuring the physical survival of the materials that form the individual assets, regards precisely the importance of the preventive measures with respect to the interventions of traditional restoration which are undertaken in a limited way and only after the onset of the damage. Vulnerability: General Terminology Definitions Below are some general terminological definitions, useful for describing the notion of vulnerability even in the archaeological field. Intensity indicates the geometric (volume, depth) and mechanical (speed) portrayal of the generating phenomenon of the risk. Dangerousness expresses the probability of occurrence, that is the probability that a phenomenon, of a given intensity, happens in a certain time (temporal probability) and in a given area (spatial probability), understood statistically. The evolutionary scenarios of the phenomenon must therefore be foreseen on the basis of the knowledge acquired regarding the spatial (where the phenomenon happens) and temporal (when it happens) forecast and the parameters of recurrence, frequency and intensity. Vulnerability expresses the degree of damage or loss, that is the percentage of the asset subjected to the phenomenon, which can be damaged or lost. It is measured in terms of percentages, from value 0 (no loss) to value 1 (maximum destruction). Elements at risk the elements at risk can belong to the most varied typologies: population, buildings, environmental and archaeological heritage, economic activities, public services and infrastructures. An economic quantification of the assets is required, although in the case of cultural heritage the parameters to be adopted are not defined. Total risk corresponds to the total loss expected as a result of the given phenomenon. It is expressed in the economic value or in the quantity of elements at risk over the period of time of a year. The difficulty of obtaining the value of the total risk is caused by the subjectivity of the calculation of the economic value, especially in the archaeological field. Because of this, or due to the absence of sufficient information, it may be useful to stop at the assessment of the specific risk, given by the vulnerability of the asset and by the dangerousness of the phenomenon. Specific risk corresponds to the degree of damage caused to the element by a given phenomenon. Specific risk is the result obtained from the dangerousness and the vulnerability of the element at risk.

Analogous representation of prosodic language function has been proposed for the nondominant hemisphere anxiety 05 mg order fluvoxamine 50 mg free shipping. Language function can be divided into two broad neuroanatomical zone anxiety while pregnant discount fluvoxamine 100mg online, an anterior expressive language zone and posterior receptive language zone anxiety chat rooms cheap 100 mg fluvoxamine free shipping. The illustration includes areas of the cortex not traditionally considered to be involved in language anxiety level scale order fluvoxamine 100mg mastercard. The production of speech includes the corticobulbar tracts and cranial nerves involving the motor/sensory function of the mouth, tongue, and larynx as well as control of the diaphragm in order to produce speech. Large lesions in the left hemisphere frequently produce both verbal expressive and auditory receptive language deficits such that reading and writing are also impaired. Prosodic functions are similarly represented as Expressive and Receptive language functions in the left hemisphere, with expressive prosody functions being associated with right anterior (frontal) areas and receptive prosody being associated with right posterior (temporoparietal) regions. When asked directly, they are often able to verbalize the presence of emotional states that they are not able to display adequately in their verbal tone and inflection. This in turn leads to a decrease in appropriate emotional responsiveness and a generally literal interpretation of what is verbally said with little appreciation for the way it was verbalized or the context in which it occurred. These basic functions are prerequisite skills to the assessment of both higher and more difficulty aspects of language (phonemic or semantic fluency) and verbal reasoning. The appendix demonstrates items which assess a progression of receptive language skills from simple to complex. Each item should be passed easily by intact individuals, but additional items of similar complexity can be administered to assess degree and consistency of deficit in the assessed area of functioning. Expressive Language and Expressive Aprosodies Expressive language should be assessed both verbally and in writing. Similarly, expressive language should be assessed in both simple and gradually more complex functions. Assessment should include both responses to simple questions and responses to more unstructured, open-ended questions. Again, emphasis should be taken to note any paraphasic errors of either phonemic or semantic type as well as any articulation or oral motor deficits. Schoenberg 7 Language Problems and Assessment: the Aphasic Patient 167 Recovery of Language Function It is important to note that lesions that result in language deficits acutely may resolve substantially over the course of the first few weeks to months post-injury. Thus, assessment must consider the time since injury carefully as a critical factor in expected future functional language deficits and treatment programming (see also Chap. Often, individuals having acquired broad language deficits (receptive and expressive speech is impaired) will exhibit recovery, but less recovery of language function than individuals with less disrupted language functions. A patient with pronounced acute expressive deficits may present in the neuropsychology clinic months later with subtle deficits of reduced phrase length, dysnomia, and dysgraphia. Conversely, patients with moderate to severe receptive language deficits may recover concrete receptive language skills, with only subtle residual deficits. Recovery may be so complete that deficits remain only in complex receptive language and are only detectible with detailed, in-depth testing of language skills. Unfortunately, patients with global deficits acutely often do not have good functional language outcomes and remain profoundly impaired. We turn now to descriptions of various language problems one might encounter in the clinic setting. For the sake of description, subtle impairments which may be present are not reviewed, and the following is limited to description of language problems that may be readily identified by a detailed bedside evaluation of language functions. Schoenberg Language Problems: A Behavioral Guide Below, we provide a symptomatic description of various common language problems followed by a possible diagnostic or syndromic explanation for the observed language deficits. Further details of the identified aphasia syndrome and associated neurological and neuropsychological deficits can be found in Chap. Nonfluent Speech Problems: Speech Is Generally Nonfluent the patient is unable to speak or speech is halting or limited to a few words and/or may be of shorter phrase length in less severe cases. The tongue is not significantly weak, although some weakness of the lower face and limbs is to be expected. The patient is unable to speak, or speech is labored with a few words (telegraphic) that are typically nouns.

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This does not invalidate past work; it simply reminds us that there is always more to learn about the past anxiety symptoms ear ringing buy generic fluvoxamine 50mg. If physical evidence or sites are lost anxiety 5 point scale 50 mg fluvoxamine with amex, then so is the potential for us to learn more about the past anxiety 12 signs order generic fluvoxamine canada. Of course anxiety symptoms breathlessness order fluvoxamine mastercard, archaeology in the form of excavation is itself destructive (although there are now so many more ways of doing archaeology), in the same way as keeping a great painting on display or using a historic locomotive is ultimately destructive. But the loss of a significant site or object on the grounds that the value can be retained through a record is a poor substitute for keeping the original. This does not mean that sites and places cannot and do not change, or that everything should be preserved for all time. It simply means that in making conservation decisions, we should respect not just the values, but the fabric to which they are attached, and that if we decide to demolish a building, or excavate a site, or not conserve a landscape for other reasons, we do not use specious arguments about keeping the value as a sop to our conscience. Conclusions Consideration of the role of value in conservation or cultural resource management is not new, nor is it confined to archaeology. Indeed, the discussion of values is as old as the protection of heritage itself, because the concept of value must underpin or justify the interference with rights or property that heritage protection involves. Then, as now, each regime sought a contemporary value for the remains of the past. The literature review by Briuer and Mathers on significance might also have included the work of Alois Riegl, who, writing in 1903 of the modern cult of monuments, asked, "What is artistic and what is historical value Riegl is well aware of the subjective nature of values: "It is modern viewers, rather than the works themselves by their original purpose that assign meaning and significance to a monument" (1996: 72). Yet William Morris, one of the most influential figures in British conservation thought, was less interested in the significance of historic buildings than in what was happening to them in the present and their long-term management. He saw that the biggest threat to historic buildings lay in the very enthusiasm for them, and argued that "those last fifty years of knowledge and attention have done more for their destruction than all the foregoing centuries of revolution, violence and contempt" (Miele 1996: 53). The debate about significance and value in archaeology in this volume is an important one. It is not a new debate, and some archaeologists feel that perhaps now is the time to move on. Conservation discourse is moving away from its traditional fixation on the morality of restoration into wider questions about ethical, social, and economic responsibilities. In this paper, I hope to have shown that rather than moving on, archaeologists need to develop their thinking about value further, and in new directions. It is vital that archaeologists become more aware of value-led planning as a powerful tool for sustaining cultural heritage in the long term. If we are to pass sites on to future generations, we need to recognize that management involves multiple values, different perspectives to our own, and genuine engagement with stakeholders and their concerns. In coming to terms with the wider debate on value, I also hope that archaeologists will begin to assert their role in sustaining cultural heritage resources of all types. The achievement, particularly of Kerr (1982, 2000) and conservation planning, has been to rebuild the bridge between understanding and management that was shattered in the last century. All cultural resource management must begin with an understanding of what is there, and that in turn, depends upon good archaeology. Archaeologists themselves have to press harder for an active role for understanding and archaeology in all decision making, whether at the time of designation or at other points in the heritage management process. We should not allow ourselves to be relegated to the role of the hyenas of cultural resource management, picking over the bones after the decisions have been made. But if archaeologists do not engage with the theory and process of cultural resource management, decisions will continue to be based on what is often a limited understanding of what is there, and as a result will damage the resource needlessly. We will hand on to future generations a historic environment which is the poorer if, despite talking about value, we fail to understand "what" it was that we were valuing. Trends and patterns in cultural resource significance: An historical perspective and annotated bibliography. Informed conservation: Understanding historic buildings and their landscapes for conservation. A guide to the preparation of conservation plans for places of European cultural significance. Anthropological-ethnographic methods for the assessment of cultural values in heritage conservation planning and practice. Unpublished report, School of Planning, Environmental Design and Conservation Research Group. Readings in conservation: Histori cal and philosophical issues in the conservation of cultural heritage.

The court stated anxiety symptoms legs cheap fluvoxamine 50 mg without a prescription, "A mere link between an excise tax and a government-sponsored advertising campaign anxiety symptoms 9 weeks cheap fluvoxamine 100mg overnight delivery, absent a claim that either the tax or the advertising is unconstitutional anxiety quitting smoking cheap 100mg fluvoxamine with visa, does not violate the First Amendment anxiety vs stress buy fluvoxamine with a mastercard. In summary, strong and repeated political and legal interventions by health advocates 562 in California were required to keep the program effective. These political and legal steps involved monitoring the budget process in both the administration and legislature and working to press the administration to produce high-quality advertisements in a timely manner. As in Minnesota, claims of budget limitations were the purported reasons for cutting or eliminating the program in California. Health groups successfully defended the program by rejecting these explanations and learning that they needed to monitor the bureaucratic procedures surrounding advertising message development and execution. Arizona Arizona provides an example of tobacco industry efforts to limit the scope of tobacco control from program inception. Encouraged by the experiences in California (1988) and Massachusetts (1992), voters in Arizona passed Proposition 200 on November 8, 1994, to increase the cigarette Monograph 19. From 1993 onward, per-capita consumption in Massachusetts showed a consistent annual decline of more than 4%, while in other U. From 1992 to 1999, the prevalence of adult smoking in Massachusetts declined significantly each year (by 0. Impact of the Massachusetts tobacco control programme: Population based trend analysis. Evaluating the impact of statewide anti-tobacco campaigns: the Massachusetts and California Tobacco Control Programs. To b a c c o I n d u s t r y E f f o r t s t o I n f l u e n c e To b a c c o C o n t r o l M e d i a should not override public policymaking and that the legislature, not the public, should handle fiscal issues such as the tax proposed by Proposition 200. Brewer (R), both of whom were known among health advocates as supporters of the tobacco industry. While Representative Gerard was a friend of Philip Morris lobbyist Rip Wilson, she was known within the public 564 health community as an ally of tobacco control efforts. Representative Gerard introduced several pieces of legislation to remove the caps. The health services department determined that the media campaign should not address nicotine addiction and that the "target population of the media program during the first year of the contract shall be pre-adolescents and adolescents, pregnant women and their partners. The first tobacco control expenditures were for contracts with the Phoenix Suns, a professional basketball team, and the Arizona Cardinals, a professional football team, to promote antitobacco education through players, team mascots, radio and television spots, and stadium billboards. After contract approval, attorney Steve Duffy represented the Tobacco Institute in filing a memorandum claiming that the contracts violated state policymaking and were illegal. To b a c c o I n d u s t r y E f f o r t s t o I n f l u e n c e To b a c c o C o n t r o l M e d i a other protobacco interests to undermine such an initiative. The result was the approval of four goals for the Tobacco Pilot Program: changing youth attitudes about tobacco use, empowering youth to work in their communities against tobacco use, reducing the availability of tobacco products to youth, and reducing youth exposure to secondhand smoke. Petersburg, Florida, to discuss the means of implementing the Tobacco Pilot Program. The result was that youth clearly stated that they wanted the truth and facts and did not want to be manipulated by marketing by the tobacco industry. Since the Florida "truth" campaign began, 57% of youth who were surveyed reported being aware of the campaign, 87% reported being aware of specific messages, and 47% believed that tobacco companies used deceptive practices in their advertising. In summary, the tobacco industry found some success in the limitations placed on the Florida media campaign from its inception. Health advocates and officials effectively responded to this limitation by creating the cutting-edge "truth" campaign. A national public health foundation, later named the American Legacy Foundation, was established with $250 million paid over 10 years. The attorneys general who negotiated the payments to the education fund agreed to a clause stating that the settling tobacco companies could end their payments to the public education fund if their aggregate market share dropped below 99. These included no "political activities or lobbying, including, but not limited to , support of or opposition to candidates, ballot initiatives, referenda or other similar activities. Equally important, the attorneys general agreed that funds from the education account would be used only for "public education and advertising regarding the addictiveness, health effects, and social costs related to the use of tobacco products and shall not be used for any personal attack on, or vilification of, any person.