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Efforts by the minister of health and family planning to accelerate the shift to smaller families may have a greater effect on food security than efforts in the ministry of agriculture to raise crop yields antibiotic half life discount 100mg naxocina fast delivery. If ministries of energy cannot quickly cut carbon emissions bacteria and viruses cheap naxocina express, as outlined earlier antibiotic 800mg best purchase naxocina, the world will face crop-shrinking heat waves that can massively and unpredictably reduce harvests antibiotic resistance threats cdc generic 100 mg naxocina otc. A hotter world will mean melting ice sheets, rising sea level, and the inundation of the highly productive rice-growing river deltas of Asia. If ministries of water resources cannot quickly raise water productivity and arrest the depletion of aquifers, grain harvests will shrink not only in smaller countries like Saudi Arabia and Yemen but also in larger countries, such as India and China. If the ministries of forestry and agriculture cannot work together to restore tree cover and reduce floods and soil erosion, then we face a situation where grain harvests will shrink not only in smaller countries like Haiti and Mongolia, but also in larger countries, such as Russia and Argentina-both wheat exporters. And where water is a more serious constraint on expanding food output than land, it will be up to ministries of water resources to do everything possible to raise the efficiency of water use. With water, as with energy, the principal opportuni- ties now are in increasing efficiency on the demand side, not in expanding the supply side. In a world where cropland is scarce and becoming more so, decisions made in ministries of transportation on whether to develop land-consuming, auto-centered transport systems or more-diversified systems, including light rail, buses, and bicycles that are much less land-intensive, will directly affect world food security. Now in our overpopulated, climate-changing, water-scarce world, food security is a matter for the entire society and for all government ministries. Since hunger is almost always the result of poverty, eradicating hunger depends on eradicating poverty. And where populations are outrunning their land and water resources, this depends on stabilizing population. Why not invest it across the board in helping low-income countries develop their unrealized potential for expanding food production, enabling them to export more grain Given the turmoil in world grain markets over the last three years, it is time for the U. That would help stabilize grain prices and set the stage for relaxing the political tensions that have emerged within importing countries. Whether we bike, bus, or drive to work will affect carbon emissions, climate change, and food security. The size of the car we drive to the supermarket and its effect on climate may indirectly affect the size of the bill at the supermarket checkout counter. But one thing we do know is that business as usual will not continue for much longer. We hardly have the vocabulary, much less the experience, to discuss this prospect. We know which economic indicators to watch for signs of an economic recession, such as declining industrial output, rising unemployment, or falling consumer confidence, but we do not follow a similar set of indicators that signal civilizational collapse. Given the role of food shortages in earlier civilizational declines, we obviously should watch food price and hunger trends closely. Affluent grain-importing countries are buying large tracts of land in poorer countries in the emerging crossborder competition for control of land and water resources. In many ways, the most basic indicator of our plight is the number of failing states. Our future depends on reversing both the spread of hunger and the growing number of failing states, but this will not happen if we continue with business as usual. Plan B embraces a massive mobilization to restructure the world economy-and at wartime speed. But unlike that chapter in history, in which one country totally restructured its industrial economy in a matter of months, the Plan B mobilization requires decisive action on a global scale. Eradicating poverty is not only the key to population stabilization, political stabilization, and a better life, it also provides hope. As Nobel laureate Mohammed Yunus, founder of the Grameen Bank for micro-credit in Bangladesh, has pointed out, "Poverty leads to hopelessness, which provokes people to desperate acts. On a finite planet, where we are pushing the earth beyond its limits, every country should have a population stabilization policy.

Although the other transition rates were lower in the second cohort compared with the first sinus infection 9 month old discount 250 mg naxocina with visa, they were not significantly lower antibiotics for a sinus infection buy discount naxocina online. An analysis by Chen and colleagues141 used age-period cohort analyses of the California Tobacco Surveys and California Youth Tobacco Surveys (similar surveys antibiotics ringworm buy naxocina on line amex, but the latter are smaller and conducted continually) to examine the prevalence of never smoking from 1990 to 1999 light antibiotics for acne buy naxocina 100mg free shipping. They concluded that the California Tobacco Control Program affected only those born after 1978 who would have been 12 years of age or younger when the California Tobacco Program began. Taken together, these studies suggest that an environment of tobacco control and the denormalization of tobacco use decrease smoking initiation. It included a mass media campaign, community-based programs to promote change at the local level (including the adoption of smoking restrictions), the passage and enforcement of laws restricting youth access to cigarettes, school-based prevention programs, and efforts to help smokers quit (including a quitline). First evaluations of the program examined per capita cigarette sales data and adult smoking prevalence. Using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (population survey) data, they found that adult prevalence declined 9. A subsequent analysis of per capita consumption data indicated an annual decline of 4% for Massachusetts compared to only 1% in the rest of the United States (excluding California) from 1993 to 1999. Prevalence trends through 1999 were examined again later by using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data,145 with the addition of regression Monograph 19. Surveys of students in secondary schools and colleges have shown a decline in youth tobacco use. The greater relative decline for younger students compared to older students (67% vs. Rigotti and colleagues147 examined smoking prevalence (last 30 days) among young adult college students, using the 1999 Massachusetts College Alcohol Survey administered to 11 public colleges and universities in Massachusetts. Current smoking was lower among public college students who had attended high school in Massachusetts compared with out-of-state students: 35. Adjusting for demographic factors including age, sex, race, parental education, and college residence found the in-state students were only 67% as likely to be smokers as the out of-state students. Although the 1996 survey was not a true preprogram survey, the changes between the two surveys were notable. Whether the decline in prevalence was due to national or regional influences rather than to the state tobacco control program could not be established without data from a comparison group of states. Oregon Voters in Oregon also approved an initiative increasing the excise tax on cigarettes. Cigarette sales data from Oregon were compared with the United States as a whole, excluding California, Massachusetts, and Arizona. In the baseline period before program onset, per capita cigarette sales decreased 2. Adult smoking prevalence, as estimated from the cross-sectional Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, indicated a decline of 6. New York City Although New York City is not a state, its population is larger than that of many U. Between 2002 and 2003, the city undertook a number of tobacco control activities, including a large increase ($1. Many smokers, especially those with lower incomes, reported that they had tried to quit or had cut down the number of cigarettes they smoked per day. Furthermore, nearly half the population reported reduced exposure to secondhand smoke. Although the proportion of cigarettes reportedly purchased outside the city increased by nearly one-third, city tax revenue increased by a factor of 10. However, tax avoidance practices such as city residents purchasing outside the city, or nonresidents bringing cigarettes into the city instead of purchasing them while there, meant that the reported average price paid per pack increased just 20% instead of the 32% expected in the absence of such behavior. Because the decline in smoking prevalence in New York City appeared to level off by 2005, an intensive mass media campaign was planned to augment a statewide media campaign planned for January through October of 2006. No new additional tobacco control efforts were undertaken either by the state or by the city during this period. Unless statewide or nationwide secular trends show a decline of similar magnitude during this period (data not yet available), this study suggests that a wellfunded, intensive antitobacco mass media campaign can have an effect in the setting Monograph 19. One community of each pair was then randomly assigned (to the extent possible, as determined by media markets) to the intervention condition.

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Many other invasive insect and microbial pests of trees have the potential for significantly impacting Great Plains tree resources in the future antibiotic used for bronchitis discount naxocina line. State forest plant health reports in the Plains also include the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky) antimicrobial susceptibility testing naxocina 100mg sale, which colonizes a wide range of hardwood hosts infection prevention society cheap naxocina online master card, and sirex woodwasp (Sirex noctilio F bioban 425 antimicrobial purchase 100mg naxocina otc. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Unpublished document developed by Kansas Forest Service, Nebraska Forest Service, North Dakota Forest Service, South Dakota Division of Resource Conservation and Forestry, and U. In: Robertson G, Mason A (eds) Assessing the sustainability of agricultural and urban forests in the United States. Texas A&M University, College Station Tisserat N, Cranshaw W (2016) Chapter 31: Thousand cankers disease. Temperature, afterripening, and moisture relations of Salsola seeds as determined by laboratory studies. Poland Introduction the Midwest region includes Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio. Five States border the Great Lakes, in addition to numerous inland lakes and the Missouri and Mississippi River systems. Forty percent of all the water surface area in the continental United States is located within the Midwest. Abundance of water within the region influences trade (shipping ports, river traffic), recreation, agriculture, and ecology. All of these listed factors influence the distribution and impact of invasive species in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Forests of the Midwest are productive and valuable, with forest-related businesses ranking in the top 10 for economic importance in every State. The oak-hickory (Quercus-Carya) forest type occupies the greatest proportion of the forested area (40%), followed by maple-beech-birch (Acer-Fagus-Betula) (15%) and aspen-birch (Populus-Betula) (14%). Conifer types, including 9% spruce-fir (Picea-Abies) and 6% pine (Pinus), are also important, particularly in the Lake States. Bottomland hardwoods rise to importance in this region, with 11% of the area comprising the elm-ash-cottonwood (Ulmus-FraxinusPopulus deltoides) forest type.

Mechanical control may include tilling bacteria joint pain cheap naxocina online amex, mowing virus jokes biology purchase naxocina 100mg amex, hand-pulling antibiotics for acne and the pill discount 250mg naxocina amex, and use of heavy machinery for inva- sive woody plants antibiotic for dogs buy naxocina 100 mg with amex. Shifts in grazing strategies may be used to change the intensity and type of foraging and disturbance to soils (Olsen 1999). Prescribed fire can be effective but must be carefully timed prior to when seed production of invasive species occurs, in order to prevent their further spread. Timing of herbicide applications is also critical and may vary depending on the herbicide used (DiTomaso 2000). For invasive insects such as emerald ash borer, goldspotted oak borer (Agrilus auroguttatus), and Asian longhorned beetle, significant effort has been placed on limiting transport of host material, including firewood, logs, and nursery stock (Haack 2006; Haack et al. The Asian longhorned beetle has been under quarantine by State and Federal officials since its initial detection in the United States in 1996; eradication programs have been put in place in detected areas (Haack et al. Heating and fumigation may allow for the use and marketing of some infected wood (Audley et al. The spread of gypsy moths has been slowed by using pheromone traps to monitor low-level populations and then aerially applying pheromone flakes to disrupt mating (Sharov et al. To suppress or eradicate populations of gypsy moth, managers have often used aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis var. This work has involved examining the genome of Asian ash species that are less prone to infection, as well as the genome of isolated native ash populations which have survived in infected areas (Knight et al. Scientists in Hawaii have worked to identify wilt-resistant koa seed for restoration and reforestation. Any species that adversely impacts the water, land, plants, and animals on which indigenous peoples rely has negative consequences for these communities and cultures. Native peoples also have millennia of experience adapting to social and ecological change, which includes non-native species (Crosby 1986). Understanding indigenous experiences and traditional ecological knowledge is essential to developing invasive species management programs that honor the U. As of 2016, there were 566 federally recognized American Indian and Alaska Native tribes or communities in the United States, and an additional 60 tribes have been recognized through formal processes of U. Tribes and Native communities hold over two million acres of land (National Congress of American Indians 2015) and have retained rights to hunt, fish, and gather on millions of additional acres. Treaty and case law require the Federal government to work with tribes and Native communities as sovereign nations for the protection of their lands and the resources on which they depend (National Congress of American Indians 2015). Native perspectives on these species and what should be done about them are informed by recent and historical experience. In cases where recently arrived biota result in the rapid reorganization of landscapes, and/or replacement of culturally important species in two human generations or less, invasive species may be culturally impoverishing (Pfeiffer and Voeks 2008), with effects that include loss of access to cultural keystone species for food, medicinal, ceremonial, and other purposes (Garibaldi and Turner 2004) and interruptions of place-based traditions that literally ground indigenous identity (Pretty 2002). Indigenous communities are mindful of the social and political histories of many biological invasions. For example, the Dawes Act of 1887 resulted in privatization and ownership of land by non-Indians inside the boundaries of the Crow Indian Reservation, setting the stage for the contemporary invasion of Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Further, indigenous communities have suffered negative impacts from some programs designed to address invasive species, including use of toxic chemicals and biocontrol agents (Norgaard 2007; Pfeiffer and Voeks 2008). The introduction of new species as a result of climate variability and change (see Chap. Each new invasive species identified will create a need for these staffs (with moderate resources) to work with community members, tribal government, and external land management agencies, in addition to their normal activities on the land. While there will be opportunities for tribes and Native communities to form learning partnerships with non-Native institutions, in the absence of established relationships of mutual respect and protocols for collaboration, the incidence of contested responses to invasive species may increase. The incidence of rapid reorganization of landscapes, and replacement of culturally important native species, likely will increase with changing climate. As noted above, indigenous peoples have extensive experience adapting to new circumstances, but the pace of change can outstrip the capacity to adapt successfully, without significant cultural and economic disruption. In some cases, the consequence may be wide ranging for the health and well-being of Native and tribal communities, including loss of access to foods, medicines, crafts, and ceremonial materials, as well as the means for pursuing culturally appropriate sources of income. A non-native species is not necessarily regarded as undesirable to Native cultures.